Image courtesy of the American Heart Association
African Americans who smoke cigarettes are more likely than those who do not smoke to develop peripheral arterial disease (PAD), according to new research published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the open access journal of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
African Americans are disproportionately affected by PAD, nearly twice as much as non-Hispanic Whites. While cigarette smoking is a recognised PAD risk factor, little is known about its specific impact on African Americans.
“Peripheral arterial disease is a major disease burden in the African American population,” comments Donald Clark III, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (Jackson, USA). “Establishing a clear association between smoking and peripheral arterial disease in this particularly vulnerable population can help guide our efforts to lower their risk and to help them improve their health.”
To learn more, researchers analysed medical records of 5,306 participants, aged 21 to 84 years, enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study, the largest single-site cohort study investigating cardiovascular risk factors in African Americans. Among the participants who self-reported, smoking status was 68% who never smoked (3,579 individuals), 19% (986) past smokers and 13% (693) current smokers.
To determine evidence of PAD, the researchers looked at measures of peripheral arterial disease, including the ankle-brachial index, which compares blood pressure in the arteries of the extremities, and computer tomography (CT) scanning to identify calcium build-up in blood vessels, which can indicate the presence of artery-blocking plaques.
In addition to being twice as likely as non-smokers to have subclinical PAD in their lower extremities, current smokers were eight times more likely to have high calcium build-up in the aorta.
The researchers also found an association between the number of cigarettes smoked and the likelihood of PAD. Participants who smoked 20 or more cigarettes a day had significantly higher odds of PAD compared to those who smoked less than 20 cigarettes each day.
The study was conducted through the support of the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, as part of a multi-year grant initiative from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The aim of the initiative is to conduct research to document the adverse cardiovascular effects of tobacco products that can inform the FDA’s regulation of these products, to learn more about the attitudes and behaviours associated with tobacco use, and to help shape effective communication about the health effects of tobacco products. The AHA’s centre has focused on vulnerable populations in an effort to promote health equity.
“The findings from this study give us strong evidence of the specific debilitating and life-threatening risks African American smokers face, especially the more they smoke,” says Mariell Jessup, chief science and medical officer of the American Heart Association. “This type of research can be useful in the development of clear messages targeted to our African American population to underscore the real physical costs of tobacco product use.”
Writing of the clinical implications of this research, the study authors say: “These findings support the evaluation of smoking‐cessation efforts to reduce the impact of peripheral arterial disease in this population.”
